Possible dietary contributors to some cancers

	Convincing	Probable	Possible	Insufficient
Lung	Vegetables, particularly green vegetables and carrots, and fruits decreases risk	Carotenoids decreases risk	Physical activity, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and selenium decreases risk Retinol has no relationship Total fat, saturated / animal fat, cholesterol and alcohol increases risk
Stomach	Vegetables and fruits decreases risk. Inm particular, raw vegetables, allium vegetables and citrus fruits Refrigeration decreases risk by reducing the use of salt and risk of contamination	Vitamin C decreases risk Alcohol, coffee, black tea and nitrates (from vegetables) have no relationship Salt and salting increases risk	Carotenoids, allium compounds, wholegrain cereals and green tea decreases risk Sugar, Vitamin E and retinol have no relationship Starch, grilled / barbecued meat and fish increases risk	Fibre, selenium and garlic decreases risk Cured meats and N-nitrosamines increases risk
Liver	Alcohol via liver cirrhosis as a result of alcohol abuse increases risk	Aflatoxin contamination increases risk	Vegetables decreases risk (Not fruits)	Selenium decreases risk Iron increases risk
	Convincing	Probable	Possible	Insufficient
Bowel	Physical activity decreases the risk of colon cancer Vegetables decreases risk (Not fruits) Charred meat	Non-starch polysaccharides / fibre and alcohol increases the risk	Red meat, starch and carotenoids decreases risk Calcium, selenium and fish have no relationship High body mass increases the risk of colon cancer Greater adult height, frequent eating, sugar, total fat, saturated / animal fat, processed meat, eggs and heavily cooked meat increases risk	Resistant starch, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Folate, Methionine, cereals and coffee decreases the risk Iron increases the risk
Prostate		Total fat, saturated / animal fat	Vegetables decreases risk High body mass, alcohol, Vitamin C, coffee and tea have no relationship Meat, milk and dairy products increases risk	High energy intake increases risk
	Convincing	Probable	Possible	Insufficient
Breast	Coffee has no relationship Rapid growth and greater adult height increases risk	Vegetables, particularly green vegetables and fruits decreases risk Cholesterol has no relationship High body mass (postmenopausal), adult weight gain increases risk	Physical activity, non-starch polysaccharides / fibre and carotenoids decreases risk Monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, retinol, Vitamin E, poultry and black tea have no relationship Total fat, saturated / animal fat and meat increases risk Alcohol increases risk	Vitamin C, isoflavones, lignans and fish decreases risk Animal protein and DDT tissues increases risk Coffee
Cervix			Vegetables and fruits, carotenoids, Vitamin C and Vitamin E decreases risk Folate and retinol have no relationship

Source: Adapted from World Research Cancer Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research.